In explaining the causes or reasons why people are negligent behavior patterns (or not) tend to use some explanatory models that we summarize below and have been developed in the field of drugs and readjusted to other problems:
* Model ethical and civil.
people are considered adults free and responsible choices. Citizens are viewed as competent and able to decide what is best for them or not without external tutelage (or state, or professional). This model recognizes the individual as responsible and competent to decide for himself. Since this model is questioned determinism (social, genetic, natural ...) that reduces the subject of study subject.
* Models ethical and legal.
Models based on the Rule of Law In the case of drugs, the Act governs the use or not, forms and protocols. Building on assessments of moral and / or pseudoscientific prohibiting and penalizing the use of illegal drugs and consumers are defined as criminals responsible for their "addiction." The repression of supply and demand (sellers and consumers), the criminalization, punishment and social stigma of consumers are some of its main features. Police repression and imprisonment are the most common responses. This model is usually grounded in morality and in psychiatric and criminological theories dominant. Magnify and exalt the harm and the legal consequences provided for the cultivation, trade, use or possession. As for the problems with food, with the game, with the image or the Internet have not transcended the law of medical discourse, although there have been statements to compulsorily treat people defined as "anorexic."
* health or social models of health.
- Medical-psychiatric and / or pharmacological.
Defining consumption, "anorexia," the "bulimia" or "gambling" as a "physical illness and / or mental justify both the ban as" treatment "and even the obligation thereof. The subject is defined as a victim of a disease: drugs, gambling, new technologies ... as damaging agents. Are based on drugs or, in the view that the substance does to the drug user, or arguing that consumption is the effect of previous symptoms. These models have little scientific basis and epistemological, but its moral is socially and politically are widely considered an effective model of social control. The medicalization of problems social and personal services has become a common social practice. The model of health care have also generally supported, often with arguments of a biological or genetic. Its purpose is to heal and to isolate the subjects of social movement and prevent contagion (physical and moral) that another infection. The strategy used to magnify and exalt the harmful consequences of negligent use as intrinsic properties of drugs, sex, gambling or Internet. Their enforcement model is highly developed. This model considers the substance, thing or action the centerpiece of his speech to be residual devaluing the socio-cultural and at the same subject: the subject is considered as sick and irresponsible.
- Psychosocial.
H ay theories, minority, who consider the subject as active agent and liable to the consumer, contextualizing the problem between the subject and its social environment. Accept personal responsibility and civil ethics and ability to become as an agent, able to choose from. And there are theories (deterministic, behavioral), the majority, who opt for psychologizing and pathologizing the problem limited to a single disorder (or family) ignoring factors the social, historical, economic and cultural are crucial. There are psychological theories that reduce personal behavior patterns and social events, behaviors objectively verifiable and neutral, are theories that blur the subject. It is usually considered the subject as a person with problems of maturation, adaptation or development. Psychosocial stress models for health education. The information, training, therapy and self help groups focus the strategies of these models. In general, these theories avoid the analysis of socio-economic and political focus "in analyzed according to the principles that govern all conduct" .
- Bio-psycho-social.
These models define the problem as the result of biological, psychological and social. There is some institutional bias to defend these positions deterministic theories. One of the drawbacks of these theories is to determine the importance of each factor: biological, psychological, and social and personal relations responsibilities.
- Biological-genetic.
These models are based on biological or genetic determinism by defining the subject as object, meaning that the personal will and the choice of the subject have no relation to their patterns of behavior. "With food, sex and other natural stimulants, the brain rewards us with a modest release of dopamine, to learn that it is worth persisting in such behavior, says Dr Marcus Munafo, an experimental psychologist at Bristol. With nicotine or obtain alcohol far more powerful shock. " These models seek the causes reactions chemical, in the role of neurotransmitters, molecules, proteins or genes in pathogens.
* socio-cultural models.
There are theories that emphasize drug use in the type of social structure, its institutions, its laws and customs, are in favor of adult consumers consider as the principal agent in the act of consumption a society in conflict or where the structure is not equal to the sum of its parts, but much more. Also, there are theories that consider the subject (consumer, player, etc.). as a automarginals. And there are theories that consider the subject as a social victim as a patient, as an outcast, as a misfit, as a deviant or as an anomic, denying the possibility of personal responsibility in a society where everyone is in the proper place in a structure that is the result of the sum of its parts. Consumer responsibility is attributed to the social structure to the detriment of the people.
officially dominant models are a combination of the ethical-legal and socio shown to be effective in their repressive policing and social control. In practice these models and theories can be given to the preponderance of any of them over others, or we can find the combination of several of them.
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