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PERSONAL DRUG PROBLEM AS SOCIAL PROBLEM.

"It may be worth mentioning the three major periods of history: When man believed that happiness depended on God, he killed for religious reasons. When man believed that happiness depended form of government, killed for political reasons. After long years, more like nightmares, we arrive at the current period of history. The man awoke and discovered what in fact had always known: that happiness depended health and then began to kill for therapeutic reasons ... Today is that medicine has replaced religion and politics. "

Adolfo Bioy-Casares

analyze and understand the uses and customs of how drugs are used in different cultures and historical moments is not possible using the conceptual schemes (Moral, legal or "scientific") that currently govern our cultural environment. The medical anthropology, ethnology, ethnobotany, historiography, archeology and linguistics have demonstrated the need to extrapolate the conceptual frameworks, analytical or explanatory to understand the motivations, beliefs, customs or values \u200b\u200bthat each culture or community produces around its most entrenched drug or hated. The historical use of drugs is inseparable from its relations with the need, knowledge, customs, values, myths, religious, economic, legal or ideological each time and place. Drugs and their different applications are an inseparable part of the many cultures that make Human Culture. Human Culture can not be understood without the role played by the drug over the millennia in a wide variety of areas, times and places. Drugs have been, are and will remain a constituent part of the Culture. Hide the cultural knowledge, drugs or other, is a manipulation that generates myths, further infantilization and uncontrollable and destructive effects.

drug use and drugs for personal or social welfare has been an ancient practice. In the myths, rituals or sacred texts of varied cultures drugs are an essential element (the soma, the wine, the "myrrh", cannabis, cocaine or snuff). Over time, drug use has been tolerated or punished, more or less, depending on the substance, the time and place. Thus we come to this situation so ably pointed out the Perich: drug is smoked a joint in La Rioja or drink a Rioja in Arabia.

With the institutionalization of medicine and psychiatry from the eighteenth century and the rise of social control mechanisms of state to this day (nursing homes, hospitals, prisons, orphanages, workshops, correctional therapeutic communities, day care centers, centers dispenser) the rights of citizens have been regulated up to the current situation where they are considered unable to to be safeguarded for its own sake. The drug is considered a social problem, both for therapeutic states, as a "science" institutionalized coercive, cruel and paternalistic. The and certain multinational states have used and use drugs as a form of social control and as a way to get significant revenue. Drug-financed states, guerrilla wars, coups, tax havens, banks, multinationals and individuals.

From our perspective the drug conflict is the effect of various factors such as Empire Act that criminalizes views civil liberties and personal, moral and coercive paternalism, a model of clinical status, "science" in the service of political and economic power along with the choices and personal responsibilities, temptations, learning ability and self-control. The drug creates a conflict between Act and the habits and civil rights, including the model of health and personal responsibility, including ethical and moral rights and democratic freedoms.

prohibitionist legal framework is perhaps the most important factor has been dead and sick relative drug use, has filled the prisons of consumers with long sentences and disease has spread, institutionalized corruption and mafia profits soared. Recall that the drug trade and has been punished by amputation, with life sentences, with long sentences or the death penalty in many states. The myth and magnification of the intrinsically pure evil of drugs, besides not having a scientific or epistemological foundation minimally acceptable, has terrible perverse effects on the welfare of individuals and society. Is it not ethical and aggression against citizens and civil society with the false attribution of evil to a substance? The very prohibition and repression "can not be considered a criminal act by its effects? The ban is well-known perverse effects for some time. Do not forget the tragic consequences of the famous "Prohibition prohibiting the use of alcohol in the U.S., and ultimately had to be repealed to avoid mass poisonings by adulteration, ethyl with irreversible comas, killings and the rise a few gangs that have since had a power comparable to that of the states themselves.

Despite official statements that raise insist that drugs are bad that kill , creating dependency (enslaved people), which is one and and mental ISEASE is immoral to allow their use, moral arguments and scientists not convince the public and many professionals, but curiously states UN , WHO , public institutions, NGOs, the narco or sects turn moralists insist, above all, to ban drug-save-cure punish the infidels and guardianship. Morality dominant imposed obligation to the citizens, deciding for them and punishing them if they do not obey.

The drug is a social problem, in part because he has given to address the issue without prejudice or morality and in part, because it favors certain political, economic and military states, institutions and international organizations. Prohibitionist criteria and coercive powers assumed by the dominant (and acolytes), for certain sectors of science and institutions such as WHO no epistemological basis or scientific and ethical authority: the ban was imposed from an asymmetrical relationship and abuse of political power and professional. Punitive regulation of the global drug produces many more problems than it aims to solve and is due to criteria other than science and epistemology of our time and place. The ban has been imposed and exported globally by "The Empire" , depending on their political, economic or military, under the model of evangelical philanthropy salvation, or worse still, under his "Peace" The Peace Made in USA .

The arbitrary and discursive contradictions regarding the consequences of drug use, international and national laws or health policy applied to drugs and their consumers will raise questions such as, for example, because substances that are considered true panacea for humanity (cannabis, heroin or LSD-25) has passed represent evil of our time. How substances are freely sold in pharmacies, no problems whatsoever with consumers, they become very dangerous and detrimental to the public. The pseudo-scientific arguments have not convinced the public but the bans have been imposed. The case of LSD-25 is quite paradigmatic, because once discovered and tested on thousands of people, and a wide variety of diseases, scientists, intellectuals and institutions around the world, proposed as an ideal in the treatment of different disorders behavior or as a better means of introspection or as a means of entertainment experiences. But the identification that was created between the LSD-25 (or marijuana) with certain social movements and political (Black Power, hippies, counterculture movements against the Vietnam War, pacifists, environmentalists, strikers or demonstrators, " May 68" ) in the decades of the sixties and seventies, he had identified the political powers use of certain drugs with civil and political dissent. All of this swayed the credibility of the political and moral structures of much of the western world and the states began a real military war, political, criminal, judicial, moral and health against certain drugs and their customers, offering in exchange a multitude of drugs much more dangerous recipe for the welfare of citizens. Antonio Escohotado, collect testimonies that help us understand the arguments and attitudes (scientific, moral, legal and political) of the time, brought into play on this theme:

"The relative slowness with which incorporate the new term" dependence "to the legal texts and regulations is due in large part to the character" formal "of them. When the current attitude toward addiction has evolved from punitive treatment, the phenomenon will recognized everywhere as a matter of psycho-socio-pathology, and this is reflected in the legislative language. " [1]

"Coupled with the drug will eroticism, pornography and violence, often Pharisaic disguised pacifism of some hairy, before antisocial, nihilists, and carriers of the virus that can ruin our civilization (...) It is easy to see the nefarious influence of the drug-communism. A few days ago Interpol-London reported to have arrested three drug traffickers English complicated promaoístas activities, and whose objectives include the promotion of drugs consumption. Who can forget such strike action or unbridled student rebellion or pacifism that exploit systematically, almost simultaneously, in the world? Do we not all have a common origin? But China, while poison does the Western world thanks to the lame complacency of our comfortable and selfish world, taking steps to eradicate the pest from its soil. In a single day in Guangzhou, 275 addicts were shot. With such a speedy cure the Chinese insurance are of no a relapse. " [2]

The drugs as social problem occurs when certain substances are used as a means of destruction by invading armies as a business, for example, the opium used by the British in China or alcohol used by the European invaders against indigenous populations in Latin . O when used intensively to combat famine. Or when used in urban and industrial to neutralize the political and social participation. Also, when certain substances are attributed to evil qualities as did the Inquisition or like many current institutions. More recently, the drug problem is strengthened when the legal prohibition produces itself and is undertaken by different institutions and professionals. When drugs and their uses are not illegal, overdoses adulteration, if any, are anecdotal and crime in relation to drugs, non-existent. Drug trafficking and all drug-related crime are institutionally created: product ban, crime by law. And the prohibition continues to expand. Prohibitionist and paternalistic consensus is directly proportional to the fear of freedom and personal responsibility. Scary consensus where the stigmatized just taking a pre-configured institutionally. For this reason, we find individuals who define themselves as addicts, addicted or sick, in the same manner as in the Middle Ages many people were delivered to the Inquisition incriminate possession or witchcraft. [3]

When comparing drug policies between different states, for example, Spain and Holland, excel data to challenge certain intransigent positions and negligent . For example, in Spain, rates of HIV infection among injecting drug + intravenous rates have reached 65%, compared with a rate of 10% in the Netherlands. Likewise, we can say on the rates of liver infection. Transmission of hepatitis among drug intravenously was well known health and the media, however, did not take the necessary measures. Obviously, maintaining the coercive and punitive legal positions or device caused infections and deaths. Refuse to provide syringes and condoms to consumers or in prisons causes infections and deaths: is not a social crime? Question the use of condoms, education about safe sex or safe consumption among consumers causes confusion, misinformation and neglect. Similarly, political or professional rejection dispensing syringes, methadone, cocaine or heroin contributes to the spread of disease, increased mortality rates, the indignity, the criminalization and stigmatization. The dominant model establishes the protection of citizens by treating them as children: they are not full citizens. With the help of science people are reduced to objects. Dominant moralizing imposes its dogmas at the expense of the health and lives of millions of people. What can we say of those entities that refuse to provide information on the use of condoms or sex education or condemning the death spread to millions of people?

do not believe that decriminalizing drug trade and that some people avoid misuse, negligent use. But surely disappear if perverse and deadly effects the ban has produced (punishment, criminalization, detention, secrecy, disinformation, infections, disease transmission, deaths by "overdose", forgery and criminal mafias and more). Decriminalization avoided, largely negligent use and maintain minimum levels of social conflict.

While our dominant social morality speaks slogans as "drugs kill", "drugs are bad", "hooked on drugs" or "drug abuse is a disease," the truth is that the dominant professional discourse defends these arguments from a position of power, authority based on ethical, not epistemological authority.

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[1] 1. H. Halbach's (1968). Chief of Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology WHO. Cited by Antonio Escohotado, drug history, III. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1989.

[2] Reboredo Mato JM (1969). Brigade Chief Central Narcotics . Quoted by Antonio Escohotado, drug history, III. Alianza Editorial; Madrid, 1989.

[3] Alvarez-Uria, Fernando, "and crazy Miserables" Edit Tusquets., Barcelona, 1983.

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Social education.

Brent Everett Christening

SOME FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE NEGLIGENCE OF DRUG EDUCATION AND DRUG

Pretender find a determining cause why people use or not or misused drugs or too much to ask. Hardly find a single reason that condition individual choices or why some people choose to take their responsibilities and others decide to abandon it. Often combine different factors that make an impact or other response in relation to consumption and set of relationships that the person provides to itself and its environment. Are many and various factors that may influence significantly negligent use of drugs.

Here we highlight some of these factors presented from two perspectives (personal and social), analytical purposes only, they are two categories of reality:


a) From a personal perspective.

• Values. The life and personal dignity. The value that each person gives to his own life and dignity are important factors in relation to negligent use or no drug. When a person thinks and acts in the belief that "life is shit" the same can eat, drive, work or play casually. If a person appreciates his life, hardly the jeopardized. When a person values \u200b\u200bhis life and recognizes his own dignity is unlikely that your use of drugs, a weapon, food or a vehicle is negligent. The principles and values \u200b\u200bthat are determining a person acquires on negligent or consumption of drugs and other types of social conflict. Self-esteem, self-esteem and acceptance of what is or is not everyone, are often important factors in the presence or absence of various conflicts of behavior and personal responsibility. A person with dignity, recognition and self-esteem and hardly endangers their health or their lives. People who use drugs in a negligent manner, attacking their own welfare, show your personal understatement, his own discomfort. It is pertinent to note that the dignity and self worth are personal and social constructions, at once and inseparably.

• Pleasure. Search wellness, pleasure or happiness. It is considered one of the legitimate objectives of human beings. There are people who focus their search for happiness or pleasure exclusively on the use of drugs socialized exclusion of other forms of pleasure. The pleasure of drug us into the world of hedonism, a world of temptations and choices, profit and loss. The world of pleasures and displeasures confronts us with our capacities for self-control and self-learning.

• evasion. The use of drugs for personal escape and socially is a fact, a social reality. All people have their ways evasion or less standard, every culture accepted regulated and prohibited forms of evasion. There are people that instead of taking responsibility for their lives, their conflicts or their actions opt for trying to escape through drugs:

- Del discomfort.
- In their own responsibilities.
- In a reality of conflict (family, social ...).
- In the sense of failure.
- From the feeling of helplessness.
- from feelings of guilt.
- From boredom, apathy and indolence.
- From insecurity and shyness.
- De ...

• Disinhibition: "Being another" do or say the wrong thing to do or not would not use drugs. Do not feel suppressed, "no cut", "having more small talk." Using drugs to get inhibitions is also a feature of our present culture. There are drugs which are credited with the capacity to facilitate social communication and personal relationships.

• Identification, imitation. Consumption can be a form of identification with the group: it encourages a sense of belonging and may constitute a particular kind of identity. Children and young people have a tendency to imitate and try to identify with their immediate environment (family, friends)

• Curiosity, morbid, transgression. The lure of the forbidden. The desire to experience new sensations. Freud gave us the idea that what makes you want banned. The pleasure of the forbidden, the risk.


b) From a social perspective.

• Prohibition. The ban is probably the most important factor in neglect. Criminalization and pathologizing of consumers leads them into hiding and using drugs without any warranty or quality control. The effects of a ban are catastrophic (spread of infection, production of crime, prison, death, shame, stigma, exclusion).

• The ontological view of biological and social responses to the relationships people establish with ideas, things or actions.

• Disinformation. The lack of authoritative information, plural, objective and truthful becomes a substance safe in a dangerous substance. The less information available to consumers most at risk when using them. The right to pluralistic information, based, truthful and responsible is a prerequisite for doing a bad use of drugs. Misinformation, biased or distorted information are key factors in the negligent use of drugs.

• Poor social education. Systems and non-formal education have "failed" in the education of values. Ethics, citizenship or are living in off-peak times, although they can be fashionable. We often forget that any claim of freedom and responsibility go through a commitment and recognition of personal ethics and community: rights, freedoms and responsibilities.

• The environment and lifestyle. Both the environment and lifestyle factors are considered much more decisive (in the quality of life or death rates) that the biology and the role which may have public and private systems of healing.

• Economic factors. The drug trade (legal and illegal) handsome profit moves creating a range of cultural interests that facilitate its perpetuation.

• Synthesis. The synthesis of pharmaceutical active ingredients in a large number of psychoactive substances that enhances the effects and facilitates their transport and distribution.

• social neglect. A social attitude negligent dissemination of uses, giving rise to a justification, advertising, fashion and consumption interested apologies negligent ("sex, drugs y. ..," "Live fast, die young and leave a beautiful corpse", "Barra Free, "" You take one and we'll give you another, "" Do not worry, be happy. ") Campaigns for" prevention "with no results or even become counterproductive.

• The media and institutional identification among young people and drugs, young and irresponsible, young and fun and young and "high-risk social behavior" creates a social impression that tends to become reality: Pygmalion effect.

• Social conflicts. Power struggles. Value conflicts, ideological, economic, habits ...

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Social education.

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: USES OF DRUG EDUCATION SOCIAL

drugs and their uses.

The drugs have been used and are used with different personal and social purposes. On the sources of knowledge that we provide historians, anthropologists, mythological, ethnologists, sociologists, archaeologists and linguists, to name a few, we can argue that the use of each drug is inseparable from culture. Although certain groups and states insist on how bad and dangerous drugs are, the reality is quite another. Drugs have been, are and probably will be a valuable asset in the private and public, in time and space. The links between drugs as belonging to multiple cultures, myths and religions are a constant and historical evidence. The arts, music, painting, literature, sculpture, science and psychoanalysis are not oblivious to the social and personal uses of varied drugs and their effects. The overlap of drugs in the most subtle and varied crevices of Culture is a reality, they are made, are customs that can not be ignored or denied.

drugs have been used and are used, depending on the time and place:

• To alter consciousness.

• As a means to achieve wellness. As a way to get pleasure, avoidance or disinhibition, relaxation, arousal, sleep.

• As a way to facilitate artistic and intellectual expression.

• To facilitate the activities magical, mystical or religious (alteration of consciousness, to communicate with gods or spirits, as a divine symbol ...)

• As food.

• As a way to combat famine.

• As drug: healing remedy or deadly poison as the dose used.

• As a commodity and a currency: business.

• To facilitate contact and social relations.

• To alleviate hunger and fatigue.

• To facilitate sex.

• As the form of social control.

• As a political weapon and war.


All these applications show the complexity of the phenomenon and the inability to explain such complexity from simplistic discourses and exclusionary, biased and stakeholders such as the ethical-legal, the medical-psychiatric science or facts. From social education or drug addiction are not objects of work, education belong to other disciplines. As we said from the relevant social work education on personal and social responsibility in the negligent use or drug diligent. Work on the ethics of a decent life, life as a value, esteem, empowerment and personal autonomy.

Speaking of the use of a drug we have to underline a basic difference in this issue: the good use (or use reasonable diligence) and misuse (or negligent use.)


Good use or unreasonable.

What is meant by a reasonable use? A good use, use it diligently. The use that can make an adult with truthful information when its responsibilities. We understand that any adult is capable of ethical and civilly to decide what is best for her, what he should or not without professional tutelage and interference state.

A reasonable use is to use an informed, knowledgeable. Is a use that is not apparent harm to those who consume but a benefit. Fair use is not seeking the adverse effects of misuse or neglect. A person consume wine does not mean or want to get drunk or that it is "alcoholic."


Misuse or careless use.

What do we mean by neglect?: Misuse. That use of that emerges a real threat to consumer welfare. We understand that negligent use has harmful effects for the consumer but are not desired or wanted it. It is worth noting the difference between a negligent use and suicidal use (in this case if the aim is to end life.)

In everyday language are often used the terms "responsible use" and "irresponsible use" but are not appropriate to treat it with some rigor. When an adult decides to use a drug can do good or bad, reasonably or negligently, but in both cases, there is personal responsibility. You can only raise the case of irresponsibility in the field of minors and legally incapacitated persons. It is also common to use the term "abuse" by which is meant a non-professional use, ie for professionals (doctors, pharmacists ...) the "fair use" is what they do.

"Drug abuse" is another expression currently widely used by professionals and the media. The idea of \u200b\u200babuse is, obviously, metaphoric and lax abuse because in principle refers to relationships between people or animals, but not about things.

Things

Social education.